Beyond Psychometrics: The Difference between Difficult Problem Solving and Complex Problem Solving

Beyond Psychometrics: The Difference between Difficult Problem Solving and Complex Problem Solving

In this paper we argue that a synthesis of findings across the various sub-areas of research in complex problem solving and consequently progress in theory building is hampered by an insufficient differentiation of complexity and difficulty. In the proposed framework of person, task, and situation (PTS), complexity is conceptualized as a quality that is determined by the cognitive demands that ...

the algorithm for solving the inverse numerical range problem

برد عددی ماتریس مربعی a را با w(a) نشان داده و به این صورت تعریف می کنیم w(a)={x8ax:x ?s1} ، که در آن s1 گوی واحد است. در سال 2009، راسل کاردن مساله برد عددی معکوس را به این صورت مطرح کرده است : برای نقطه z?w(a)، بردار x?s1 را به گونه ای می یابیم که z=x*ax، در این پایان نامه ، الگوریتمی برای حل مساله برد عددی معکوس ارانه می دهیم.

Complex Problem Solving

that is, to provide supports that enable them to deal with more complex content and skill demands than they could otherwise handle. Moreover, provided guidance and support should gradually decrease in a process of “scaffolding,” as learners gain more expertise (e.g., Reiser 2004). ▶Cognitive load theory (van Merriënboer and Sweller 2005) explicitly studies methods that might help to reduce the ...

Complex Problem Solving

Complex Problem Solving in Assessments of Collaborative Problem Solving

Collaborative problem solving (ColPS) proficiency was developed as a new assessment for the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) in the 2015 international evaluation of student skills and knowledge. The assessment framework defined by the PISA ColPS 2015 expert group crossed three major collaboration processes with four problem solving processes that were adopted from the PISA ...